Hydrocarbon is a compound made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
They are the basic building blocks of many organic compounds found in nature, including crude oil, natural gas, coal, and living organisms. Hydrocarbons are classified into different groups based on their chemical structure and the arrangement of the carbon atoms.
Preparation of Alkyl halide, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Carboxylic acid from Hydrocarbon
Some examples of hydrocarbons include:
Alkanes: hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, such as methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8).
Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms, such as ethylene(C2H4) and propylene(C3H6).
Alkynes: hydrocarbons that contain at least one triple bond between carbon atoms, such as acetylene (C2H2).
Here we will learn about how to prepare Alkyl halide, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Carboxylic acid from Hydrocarbon
Preparation of Alkyl halide, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Carboxylic acid from Alkane
1. Alkyl halide Preparation
In the presence of sunlight, alkane reacts with halogens (Cl2 or Br2) and forms alkyl halides.
Alkane + chlorine → Alkyl Halide + Hydrogen Chloride
CH3–CH3 + Cl2 → C2H5–Cl + HCl
2. Alcohol preparationAlkyl halides react with aqueous sodium hydroxide and produce alcohol.
Alkyl Halide + Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide → Alcohol + Sodium Chloride
C2H5-Cl + NaOH (aq.) → C2H5–OH + NaCl
3. Aldehyde PreparationThe Alcohol is then oxidized to a aldehyde, typically using an oxidizing agent like potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in the presence of an acid like sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3[O]
Alcohol + Nascent Oxygen → Aldehyde
C2H5–OH + [O] → CH3–CHO
4. Carboxylic acid Preparation
The carbonyl compound is then further oxidized to a carboxylic acid, typically using an oxidizing agent like potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in the presence of an acidic catalyst like sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Aldehyde + Nascent Oxygen → Carboxylic acid
CH3–CHO + [O] → CH3–COOH
Preparation of Alkane, Alkyl halide, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Carboxylic acid from Alkene
1.Alkane Preparation
In the presence of a Ni catalyst, at 180–200 °C, alkene reacts with hydrogen gas to produce alkane.
Alkene + Hydrogen gas → Alkane (Catalyst: Ni, temp. 180–200°C)
Alkane + Chlorine → Alkyl Halide + Hydrogen Chloride
CH3–CH3 + Cl2 → C2H5–Cl + HCl
3.Alcohol preparation
a. Alcohol + Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide → Alcohol + Sodium Chloride
C2H5-OH + NaOH (aq.) → C2H5–OH + NaCl
b. In the presence of phosphoric acid, alkene reacts with H2O and produces alcohol. In this reaction, 300 atm. of pressure and 60 °C of temperature are maintained.
Alkene + Water → Alcohol (H3PO4, temp. 60 °C, 300 atm.)
4.Aldehyde Preparation
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3[O]
Alcohol + Nascent Oxygen → Aldehyde
C2H5–OH + [O] → CH3–CHO
5.Carboxylic acid PreparationK2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3[O]
Aldehyde + Nascent Oxygen → Carboxylic acid
CH3–CHO + [O] → CH3–COOH
Preparation of Alkyl halide, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Carboxylic acid from Alkyne
1.Alkene Preparation
In the presence of a Ni catalyst, at 180–200 °C, alkene reacts with hydrogen gas to produce alkane.
Alkyne + Hydrogen gas → Alkene (Catalyst: Ni, temp. 180–200°C)
2. Alkane Preparation
In the presence of a Ni catalyst, at 180–200 °C, alkene reacts with hydrogen gas to produce alkene.
Alkene + Hydrogen gas → Alkane (Catalyst: Ni, temp. 180–200°C)
C2H4 + H2 → CH3-CH3
2.Alkyl halide preparation
Alkane + Chlorine → Alkyl Halide + Hydrogen Chloride
CH3–CH3 + Cl2 → C2H5–Cl + HCl
3.Alcohol preparation
Alcohol + Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide → Alcohol + Sodium Chloride
C2H5-OH + NaOH (aq.) → C2H5–OH + NaCl
4.Aldehyde Preparation
a. K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3[O]
Alcohol + Nascent Oxygen → Aldehyde
C2H5–OH + [O] → CH3–CHO
b. We can prepare aldehyde from the reaction between alkyne and water.5.Carboxylic acid Preparation
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3[O]
Aldehyde + Nascent Oxygen → Carboxylic acid
CH3–CHO + [O] → CH3–COOH
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